Investigate the Energy Change during Neutralisation Reactions Essay Example

Investigate the Energy Change during Neutralisation Reactions Essay * Calorimeter This polystyrene device will hold the acids in the neutralisation reaction. This has been used, as it is a very good insulator of heat so as little as possible will be lost.* Burette This glass device can hold 50 cm3 of liquid and will be used to pour the acid in 1cm3 amounts into the alkali. This device has been used, as it is very accurate and easy to use.* Thermometer This will be used to measure the temperature of the reaction after each 1cm3 of acid has been added.* Clamp Stand and Burette Holder These will be used to keep the burette in place so it does not fall over and break or spill acid.* Strong and Weak Acid Hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid will be used for the strong acid and ethanoic acid will be used for the weak acid. 40 cm3 will be used to neutralise the alkali.* Strong and Weak Alkali: Sodium hydroxide will be used for the strong alkali and ammonia will be used for the weak. We will use 15cm3 of alkali at 1 mole per decimetre cube concentration. Preliminary WorkPreviously I performed a thermotitration with a strong acid and a strong alkali and I found that the following quantities would be suitable for my experiment: 15cm3 of alkali would neutralise well within 15% accuracy compared to the theoretical energy output. We also decided to use a 1-mole/dm3 concentration as we found 0.5 mole/dm3 was too little for a good result, and 2 moles/dm3 was too violent. The preliminary work also showed that it was necessary to use a good insulating material to house the reaction in and we also needed to use very accurate equipment.SafetyAs with any experiment there are safety issues that need to be followed. Many of the acids or alkalis used in this experiment are corrosives or irritants therefore safety goggles must be worn at all times. Also any spilt acids or alkalis need to be cleaned up immediately and any got onto skin or clothing needs to be washed up immediately. All equipment must be out of the way of walkways to avoid spillage a nd accidents. Smashed glass must be swept up immediately.Fair TestTo ensure this experiment is a fair test it is imperative that all tests are done in the same way. Any equipment to be used again after a test has been completed must be cleaned thoroughly to prevent any contamination in the next experiment that could affect the accuracy of the results.PlanWe will set up the equipment as shown below:As shown in the preliminary write up above I will be using 15cm3 of 1 mole/dm3 alkali and 40cm3 of acid at 1 mole/dm3. I will then use the burette to add 1cm3 at a time of acid to neutralise the strong alkali. After adding the strong acid I will then stir the solutions together to let them react and quickly take the temperature. I will then repeat this 40 times until all the acid has gone. I will then repeat this experiment for a strong acid against a strong alkali; a strong acid against a weak alkali; a weak acid against a weak alkali. Therefore I will be doing four experiments. To analys e the results I will be using the equation (mass x heat capacity of water (4.2) x change in temperature). This will give me the answer for the energy change in joules for however many moles there were in the concentration on acid. I will then need to find out the energy change for 1 mole so I will then work out the number of moles of acid there was using:Number of moles = volume (cm3) x concentration (mol/dm3)1000I will then divide the answer I got from the energy equation and divide this by the result of the above equation. Thus giving me the energy change for 1 mole of acid neutralising the alkali.PredictionFrom preliminary work and acid theory I can determine that in this experiment the reaction with the greatest energy change will be the strong acid reacting with the strong alkali. When an acid reacts with a base it dissociates to form ions. In the case of hydrochloric acid it will form H+ ions and Cl- ions. For this example almost all of the HCl will dissociate into ions howev er with a weak acid such as ethanoic acid only about 0.3% of the acid is dissociated into ions. The action of acids disassociating creates energy and therefore the stronger the acid the more energy. This rule also applies for the alkali bases. After doing some further preliminary work I found the theoretical values for energy produced in a neutralisation reaction. These values were as follows:Strength of acid/alkali (respectively)Energy (Joules per mole)Strong and StrongWeak and StrongStrong and WeakWeak and Weak-57,900-56,100-53,400-50,400As you can see this table proves my prediction to be right. I can use this table in my evaluation to see how accurate my experiment has been by working out the percentage error of my results.Prediction GraphsResultsSodium Hydroxide and Hydrochloric Acid (Strong and Strong) Start Temperature 19à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumulative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.020.01.00.920.51.51.221.52.51.222.03.01.022.53.51. 123.04.01.023.54.51.024.05.01.124.55.50.925.06.01.025.06.01.025.56.51.126.07.00.826.07.01.025.56.51.025.56.51.025.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.024.55.51.024.55.51.024.55.51.124.05.01.124.05.00.924.05.00.924.05.01.024.05.01.024.05.01.023.54.51.023.54.51.123.54.51.023.54.50.923.54.51.023.04.01.023.04.0Ammonia and Ethanoic Acid (weak and weak) Start Temperature 19.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumulative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.020.51.01.121.01.50.921.52.01.022.02.51.022.53.01.023.03.51.023.03.51.023.54.01.224.04.51.024.04.51.024.55.01.024.55.01.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.56.01.125.56.00.925.56.01.025.56.01.025.05.51.025.05.51.225.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.01.024.55.00.924.55.01.124.04.51.024.04.51.124.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.024.04.51.023.54.0Ethanoic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide (weak and strong) Start temperature 19.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumul ative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.019.50.01.019.50.00.919.50.01.020.00.50.920.00.51.220.51.01.020.51.00.921.01.50.921.52.01.022.02.51.222.02.50.822.53.01.023.03.51.023.54.01.124.04.51.224.04.50.724.55.01.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.50.925.56.01.125.56.01.025.56.01.026.06.51.126.06.50.926.06.51.026.06.51.325.56.00.625.56.00.825.56.01.025.56.01.425.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.51.125.05.50.925.05.51.025.05.51.025.05.5Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide (strong and strong) Start Temperature 19.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CVolume of Acid (cm3)Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Cumulative Temperature Change (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)1.020.00.50.922.02.51.224.04.51.225.56.01.026.06.51.127.07.51.028.08.51.029.09.51.128.59.00.928.59.01.028.08.51.028.08.51.127.58.00.827.07.51.027.07.51.026.57.01.026.57.01.026.06.51.026.06.51.026.06.51.025.56.01.025.56.01.125.56.01.125.56.00.925.56.00.925.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.025.06.01.125.06.01.024.55.50.924.55.51.024.55.51.024.55.50.924.55.51.224.55.51 .024.55.51.024.05.0AnalysisFor the first test (sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid) I will analyse the results using the equation:- (mass x heat capacity of water (4.2) x change in temperature)Therefore the amount of energy produced is:- (15 + 11.2) x 4.2 x 6.7 = -737.3 joulesHowever the number of moles of alkali was only 0.015 moles worked out by the equation: Number of moles = volume (cm3) x concentration (mol/dm3)1000So the amount of energy produced for 1 mole is -737.30.015This equals -49153.3 joules of energy.For the second test (ammonia and ethanoic acid) the results are as follows:Mass (from graph) = 15.8Change in temperature = 5.9- (15 + 15.8) x 4.2 x 5.9 = -763.2 joulesThis answer, then divided by 0.015 to give the answer for 1 mole of alkali gives an answer of -50,880.0 joules of energyFor the Third test (ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide) the results are as follows:Mass (from graph) = 22.8Change in temperature = 6.9- (15 + 22.8) x 4.2 x 6.9 = -1095.4 joulesThis answe r, then divided by 0.015 to give the answer for 1 mole of alkali gives an answer of -73,026.7 joules of energyThe fourth test is a repeat of the first test (hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide) the results are as follows:Mass (from graph) = 7.8Change in temperature = 9.2- (15 + 7.8) x 4.2 x 9.2 = -881.0 joulesThis answer, then divided by 0.015 to give the answer for 1 mole of alkali gives an answer of -58,733.0 joules of energyI would normally average the two results (for the first and last experiment) because they are repeats however the last result is very close to the theoretical value and if they were averaged this would not be the case so I will take the 1st result to be anomalous.For ease of reading and analysis I will put these results into a table and calculate the accuracy of my results from the theoretical results found in my preliminary workStrength of acid/alkali (respectively)Result from ExperimentTheoretical ResultPercentage Error:my answer true answertrue answerSt rong and StrongStrong and StrongWeak and StrongWeak and Weak-49153.3-58,733.0-73,026.7-50,880.0-57,900-57,900-56,100-50,40018%1%30%1%Average Error13%On the whole my results do support my prediction as for the reactions between both strong and both weak solutions the results only have a 1% error margin. Therefore my results show me that there is positive correlation between the strength of acid and the energy given off as heat in the neutralisation reaction.I believe this has happened because as stated in my prediction when an acid reacts with a base it dissociates to form ions. In the case of hydrochloric acid it will form H+ ions and Cl- ions. For this example almost all of the HCl will dissociate into ions however with a weak acid such as ethanoic acid only about 0.3% of the acid is dissociated into ions. The action of acids disassociating creates energy and therefore the stronger the acid the more energy.EvaluationIf it was possible for me to repeat this experiment again I would use a much more accurate measuring device. I would use a computer to measure the amount of acid added to the mixture so that the correct amount is used. I would also have the calorimeter on a machine that would constantly shake it so that when the acid is added it is thoroughly mixed with the alkali. For the temperature I would use a computer to continuously record the temperature so any change is noted and I would conduct the experiment in a temperature controlled environment so factors like wind or humidity could not affect the temperature. Because of the equipment available it was not possible to use a lid effectively so if the experiment was repeated I would also use one of these. To keep the insulation of the heat to a maximum I would use a more effective insulating material than the one the calorimeter was made of to make the results more accurate.The method I used did not include any repetition of experiments due to the time restrictions. To improve the accuracy I would do ea ch experiment 5 times then take an average leading to more accurate results.There were many problems encountered in this experiment and it is reflected in some of our results. One of our results had an error of 30%. This could be due to many reasons. On the graphs it shows the acid being added in 1cm3 amounts yet this was for ease of presentation. The amounts added were not always the specified amount and this resulted in the time for the acid to be added was increased or decreased. This could lead to the results being anomalous.Another reason for anomalous results occurring could be human error in the measurement of temperature or amounts of liquid. This could lead to the accuracy of results being affected. Due to the nature of the school laboratory it is possible for the solutions used to become contaminated and the pH to become changed. This could also have altered the results for my experiment. Apart from these possibilities I believe that the test I conducted was a fair one and complied with the statements I made in my plan.I believe that if I carried out the work stated above I would be more confidant of my conclusions. This is because the results ascertained from the above procedures would be a great deal more accurate than the method I used in my experiment.

The Effects of Computers to the Students Essays

The Effects of Computers to the Students Essays The Effects of Computers to the Students Essay The Effects of Computers to the Students Essay TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Importance of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . 2 Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . 3 Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . 4 Scope and Delimitation of the study . . . . . . . . . . 5 Definition of terms. . . . . . . . . . 6 Chapter II Review of Related Literature Chapter III Research Mythology Sources of Data Chapter IV Introduction, Analysis, Interpretation of Data Tabulation Chapter V Conclusion and recommendation Sample Questionnaire ABSTRACT This Paper Reviews Aims to introduce computer games and what This topic is all about. For parents, teachers and specially students who is Graduating to understand the reality effect of this in our daily life and to our Studies. There’s a review being conducted based on some sub question From a certain respondent and observation to determined the amount of Population being involved on computer games that will give us figure of 60-70 percent of the totally population in specific area of Habay bacoor has Been into computer games and some of them get engaged or addicted on it Those person can’t live a day without playing that certain games. In this Studies show as well the negative and positive side of this topic will Help us to know. Negative of this love games more than anything else, Like study forget about family, being so much engaged that end into a not So much good result. On the other hand of positive is giving more Information that will be really helpful in hand of knowledge. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Computer games in the information systems industry account for over seven billion dollars in sales in 2003 and are a pivotal component in driving both the software and hardware portions of the industry. Entertainment Software Association, 2003). Computer games are quickly taking a chuck of total dollars in the entertainment industry and some say will emerge with Hollywood to create a more interactive entertaining experience for the consumer. In this paper we will be discussion some brief history of games, how they are currently being developed in regards to software, where games are heading in the future, and how the y currently are being used today in other aspects of life. A History of Games The beginning According to many sources, the idea of the video game came about between 1949 and 951, From Space war to Tournament The history of computer games mistakenly termed videogames probably started in 1962. The early programmers and game designers came up with ideas which have been taken over by the industry and have nowadays become cultural stereotypes. Game types like combat games, strategy, simulation or dungeons and dragons were early 60ies inventions but they are still alive today and probably more vital than ever. Having a look at the old predecessors of todays Play station and Dreamcast games might explain why certain stereotypes are so persistent. Comparing early games with todays programmers also shows the technological progress achieved during the last 4 decades. It seems that the gaming industry and game technology nowadays challenges the complete computer industry in becoming the key industrial branch. Also check the webpages referring to computer games and computer games development: A Short Survey on the History of Computer Games Autumn 1961 Â   Â   Â   Digital Equipment Corp. delivers a PDP-1 computer to the MIT in Cambridge, Mass. This was the first computer equipped with a cathode ray tube monitor and a keyboard. DEC expected the MIT scientists to develop scientific programmes with the machine they donated, yet two scientists programmed an application which is said to have been the first computer game ever. 1962 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Stephen Russell, Peter Samson, Dan Edwards, and Martin Grates realized SPACEWAR, a shoot-up game with animated spaceship icons on a black and white monitor. Two users could shoot the other players spaceships in IMPORTANT OF THE STUDY Computer games is have a good benefits and effect to the Benefits of Computer Games Recently, in this modern world that we live in, through the course of the improvement of echnology, computer games became very popular among the youth. Whether we like it or not, computer games greatly influences our society today. Computer games become a part of peoples lives. Almost everyone has been exposed to some kind of computer game – be it role playing games, puzzle games, action games played on a console, a personal computer, or a h andheld device. Because of this sudden interest in computer games, concerns about its effects, may it be positive or negative, arise. Being in a modern world, we naturally question these things. Is it a safe practice to play these games? Will it bring any good? Although many people think that it is unhealthy to play computer games, I believe that, in moderation, computer games can be beneficial in many ways such as in leisure and experience, learning, as well as improving our cognitive, logical, and managerial skills. First of all, video games can be considered as naturally alluring because of its aesthetic images and the realistic experiences that comes with it. As Poole said, video games, especially in these modern times, have very detailed audio-visual effects, usually presenting a simulated fantasy orld that appears to be close to reality (qtd. in Mitchel and Savill-Smith 17). Truly, computer games improved visually and became more realistic these past few years. These fantasy worlds are commonly found in simulation games, which is very useful for learning because it allows players to experience things that might be impossible or too expensive (Mitchell and Seville-Smith 20). Because of this, video games can be l iberating by allowing people to do things they cannot normally do. Effects of Computer Games Experts fear computer consoles such as the Nintendo Way harm child development Children should be banned from playing computer games until the age of seven because the technology is rewiring their brains, it is claimed. Bombardment of the senses with fast-pace action games is said to be causing a shortening of attention span, harming the ability to learn. The concerns emerged as technology industry experts gathered at a special summit discussing the development of children, held yesterday at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. Educational psychologist Jane Healy said research indicated that computer games fuelled he development of basic flight or fight instincts rather than considered reasoning. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A. Reasons for undertaking Research. It is known that we are living in technological era. The computers became irreplaceable tool in everyday life of almost each person. The adult users generally use it for business purposes while youngsters for computer games. Computers became the part of our life and very important component in many sp heres of modern life. So it is somehow influences on people. One of the spheres of the life is leisure. And nowadays majority of young people pend their leisure playing computer games, surfing through the internet. Computer games have become one of the favorite time-spending of young people all ages, and even some adults. With permanent development of computer technology the quantity of people using computer either for working purposes or entertainment purposes is increasing speedily. One of the reasons of acquiring computers and computer games by busy parents for their children is providing playing leisure for them. But some parents don’t realize that computer games not only develop child’s mind, logic (what is positive influence) but has negative affects. Computer games industry is evaluated in two ways. On the one hand it is associated with admiration of computers abilities, on the other hand with dangerous influence on teenagers’ psychology and health. HYPOTHESIS In my opinion Computer games grows aggressively and somehow Good for some of people but Sometimes not good for some because if were looking on the Negative side of this topic it will be So addicting for some that will be really negative if you consider Our self / your self to be addiction This on the brighter side of this topic computer games can be Helpful and educational if you know ow to select the right computer games that you know it can help You there’s a lot of educational Games that has been established by a lot wonderful people who Really wants to make computer games Games a worth do can give pleasure and at the same time can Educate you somehow. SCOPE AND DELIMITION OF THE STUDY This study is directly for young individuals especially students like Us who has the priority too study extensively to finish our studies And yet getting pleasure from playing computer games especially On our lazy days specifically weekends. Most of us now days Knows a lot of computer games and we often play specifically In front of a computer, most of us have their computers at home But some of us don’t so it’s a tend to play outside what we usually Call it a computer shop admit it or not relieve us from some stress That we got from a 5 days studies of different subject 8 hours a day And doing homework and project as well I take day of observation On our own computer shop and most of our clients us really Spending a lot of time for games specially male client. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter discuss the result of the review of the prevents Literatures that has been written regarding the impact of computer games in graduating students. Various observation and theoretical activities has been done for this review which will be related to the main research of the topic. The Purpose of this review is for us to discover the conclusions were of prior to some effects of computer games to specific students. That falls on teenagers and adolescent category CHAPTER III RESEARCH AND METHOLOGY SOURCE OF DATA In this study I used my very own source in doing my research for my parents Have a computer shop where in can do my observation and ask some few Question with out regular clients which will be really helpful in making Helpful making this study and I also visit some other computer shop to also Observe population composition of that computer shop that visited and I can Say that we have the same population Males are most fond on computer Games there also females but it doesn’t reach to the count of males who Are really into computer games. And I also conduct a little survey to some Unrelated individuals make this study a worth to discuss and be realized By most of us specially were students in this way that did we can specially Determined the effects of computer games us where if it’s Negative or Positive CHAPTER IV INTRODUCTION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION OF DATA TABULATION INTRODUCTION The research finding on computer games will discussed in the research Conclusion And recommendation for future research will also discussed In this section out of 40 male respondents, 80% ( 20 respondent) use the Computer for more 20 hours a week ( more than 4 hours per day ) this Percentage bigger compared to those who use the computer for least 2 hours Per day ( 15% of the respondents ) and at least 3 hours per day (30% of pic] Blue 80% more than 20 hrs Red 20% 7 hrs- 20 White 1 hrs – 7 hrs COMPUTER GAMES All The respondents use the computer for computer games . the Following Graph show the respondent distribution based on the hours The speed on using computer for games Graph 2. distribution of respondent on the computer use For games per week [pic] Blue 1 hrs – 7 Red 7 hrs – 14 hrs White more th an 20 hrs Now the larger faction of the respondents are inclined to Computer games and spend more than 20 hours of computer use per week ANALYSIS The research was conducted form two computer shop here Is bacoor under observation from those 2 different computer shop 60 to 70 % of the total population of those computer shop were Studies probably from school and most of them were males on the Same age as I have or earlier age [pic] Red 75 % Blue 60% CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION Learners are among individual specifically graduating students Youngsters or teenagers who play computer games mostly on a daily Basis. This shows that the impact of computer games becomes more board Base on the studies and observation been conducted where in revealed Who are the most computer players how long do they speed to play Computer games the effect. In this study it also highlight the impact of the Computer game in life of each individual involved in this study RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE STUDY / RESEARCH This study been researched by means of question and observation For this topic. This research has has been limited in bacoor area (Habay) you Can also do further research and observation by visiting some other place and See if they also have the same situation. I recommend to the same Methology that I did for more effective realization of the topic

Final exam for history who built america Research Paper

Final exam for history who built america - Research Paper Example Each ad is an effort to influence and persuade voters that a certain candidate would be best for them and offer them the best chance not only for world peace but for personal success and fulfillment. The ads try to humanize the candidates and show them as authoritative and sincere. As the years pass, we see the ads and techniques becoming more sophisticated. We see how the candidates become smoother and more polished in their delivery. The public has become more knowledgeable about advertising and advertisers must be ahead of the game. The ads begin with President Eisenhower explaining that he will bring peace to the U.S. These ads are very simple and lacking in many modern techniques. Eisenhower appears to be reading obviously from a script. A decade later, Johnson's presidential ads are much better. They tell a story beginning in November 1963 in Dallas and continuing to 1964. The narrative describes how Johnson has risen to the occasion. It emphasizes continuity. Carter's ads are still more evolved. They feature music and lots of separate shots. They use keyword such as competence and change in order to underscore his appeal against the incumbent Ford. They explain a little bit about him and show him communicating with ordinary people. In the 1990s, political advertising really came into its own.

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Critical Analysis - Essay Example 3) and where characters encounter varied challenges due to power play and control. Likewise, there were presence of discreet or imposed relational partners that added drama and provided appropriate applications to interpersonal needs theory of inclusion, control, and intimacy. The mini-series was presented in the form of eight parts and was actually noted to be a sequel to another of Ken Follet’s novel, entitled â€Å"The Pillars of the Earth† (Lloyd, 2012). Due to the length and intricacies of relationships as portrayed by numerous characters, the current discourse would focus on relationships and interpersonal communication applications one of the main characters, Caris. As a wool merchant’s daughter, Caris went through exciting and challenging experiences ranging from witnessing the untimely demise of her mother, who unknowingly was secretly murdered by her aunt, Petranilla. Her interest in treating the sick was enhanced when she became the apprentice of a wom an, Mattie, who practiced alternative medicine. However, since Mattie’s talent apparently jeopardizes the town’s official healer and priest, she was charged with the crime of witchcraft and was sentenced to be hanged in public. Later, Caris suffered the same fate from the hands of her cousin, Godwyn, then Prior; and was just saved in due time by the town’s Prioress who testified that since she was to become a nun, she could not be subjected to the fate of hanging. Therefore, Caris had to sacrifice her love for Merthin until such time that her duty as a nun, eventual Prioress, and healer were all completed. In the process, she became a good healer, and was even assumed the role of a prioress in times when sickness and plague besieged their town. The applications of the interpersonal communication theory or social theory were exhibited in various situations in the series. As noted â€Å"as humans we have a range of social needs that we satisfy by communicating wi th others. The Social Needs theory points out that there are 3 basic social needs: (1) affection - to express and receive love; (2) inclusion - to be social, to be in the company of others; (3) control -to have influence† (Bergstrom, 2005, par. 1). The social need of inclusion was manifested through Caris’ being accepted in the convent as a nun, to save her from death. Likewise, this inclusion was also exemplified through the acceptance of the king, who disguised himself as a monk and was allegedly accepted warmly in the monastery and in the Kingsbridge community. Concurrently, the social need of control was clearly exemplified in the mini-series through the power that was vested upon the monarchy. It was apparent that if the ruler, in this situation, an evil queen, was most concerned of her selfish interests rather than the good of the people, the townsfolk suffered immensely through justice not being served equitably or fairly. It was during this time that it was exhi bited that autocratic power and authoritarian leadership through the order of the king, the queen, or their authorized cohorts could subject people to hanging and death without the need for a just trial. There was evidently much control through the power that was centralized on the monarchy and also from the priory, where the prior was vested with the authority to decide things on himself. For instance, the prior could charge people suspected of witchcraft and immediately, these haplessly

I must write a after action review (AAR) based off my deployment to Essay - 1

I must write a after action review (AAR) based off my deployment to Afghanistan - Essay Example My deputy and I often disagreed due to differing opinions concerning the point at which a product was supposed to enter sustainment phases. My deputy held that the personnel within the army unit would be ready to handle new equipment on their own soon after their training; however, this perspective did not consider other factors. For instance, this view overlooked the fact that we were fielding new equipment to soldiers with no experience in how they operation during wartime; similarly. This view was blind to the fact that Soldiers rotate to other FOBs (forward operation bases) or COPs and that they may get hurt or whatever the case me be, due to their inexperience with handling new equipment. Contrariwise, I believed in continuous retraining, which is why I had my contractors provide multiple training classes to different personnel of the same unit. I stressed the importance of the acquisition community taking responsibility to support the war fighter. I believed it was our obligati on as the acquisition community to support the war fighter regardless of the number of training events. Therefore, it would take for every unit, army or marines to be capable of handling the generators on their own. The soldiers had to be thoroughly trained to ensure they were equipped with the competence needed to operate the new equipment in the field, even if it meant doing it repeatedly with different personnel. In that case, I supported the training for the army personnel for as long as it was needed, to ensure the war fighters were well prepared to operate our new generators. The command and Control (C2) issue cropped up as well, in the course of my deployment in Afghanistan; as expected in combat zones, where orders are given to carry out missions, there was always a strict chain of command that had to be observed at all times. A chain of command does establish clear lines or boundaries for officers in the field, who must act in accordance

Research on Immunology in Pregnancy

Research on Immunology in Pregnancy Investigative Review Nichole Gale The systems controlling the implantation and acceptance of the genetically and immunologically foreign fetus within the maternal body have often been likened to that of an organ transplant, or the growth of a cancerous tumour. The fetus is ‘like a transplanted kidney’, in the way that it is ‘genetically different from the host’ and ‘must evade immune defences to avoid rejection’ (Quinn 1999). The fetus inherits ‘foreign paternally derived histocompatibility genes’, meaning that ‘there is close contact between two genetically disparate individuals’ within the maternal body (Warshaw 1983, p63). Thus, the fetus is often referred to as an allograft, an allograft being a ‘graft transplanted by an individual that is not genetically identical, but of the same species’ (Marieb 1998, p789). The subject of fetus acceptance and tolerance within the maternal body has triggered great interest and controversy, and the sy stems that allow the acceptance of the fetus are complex and varying. Internal gestation has involved ‘a wide range of adaptations of animals for retention of young within the body of the parent’ (Warshaw 1983, p63). The human immune system includes many ‘cellular patterns that constantly exchange information’ to provide the body with the ability to ‘recognise foreignness or â€Å"non-self† in the form of antigens that enter our body’ (Warshaw 1983, p200). The recognition of antigens spark the inflammatory response, which must act with ‘minimum damage to the host’, in order to ‘eliminate the intruder’ (Warshaw 1983, p200). ‘Antigens are expressed by early human embryonic tissue’ (Loke 1978, p5), so it could be expected that the early human embryo would trigger an inflammatory response to rid the mother’s body of the ‘foreign body’. The exposure to non-self paternal antigens on the fetus ‘requires the adaptation of the maternal immune system to prevent the rejection of the allogeneic fetus without compromising the ability of the mother to fend off infection’ (Koch Platt 2003). The immune system consists of an innate (humoral) and an adaptive (cellular) component, in order to combat potential pathogens. It has been suggested that the main immune response triggered by the fetus is the adaptive response, where there is antigen representation, followed by response instruction by Helper T cells (Quinn 1999). In normal pregnancy, progesterone suppresses the humoral response. This has been used to explain why some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis that are under humoral effect, often improve during pregnancy (Quinn 1999). Early work on immunological tolerance, conducted by Medawar, has been the foundation of further studies regarding the paradox of pregnancy. Medawar proposed three mechanisms that might together act to allow immune protection of the fetus. Two of Medawar’s earlier suggested mechanisms have since been proved to not actually ‘pertain during pregnancy’ (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). The first hypothesis was that there was ‘segregation of the fetal and maternal circulations’, or that ‘a barrier might form between the mother and fetus, preventing exposure of the maternal immune system to allogeneic antigens expressed on fetal tissue’, leading to immunological ignorance (Koch Platt 2003). Medwar’s second hypothesis referred to the immunological immaturity of fetal tissue, and this allogenic immaturity acting to suppress the ‘expression of antigens that the maternal immune system might recognise as foreign and target for dest ruction’ (Koch Platt 2003). More recent research has tended to focus on Medwar’s third hypothesis, ‘that the maternal immune system somehow ignores potentially immunogenic fetal tissue’ (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). Leading from this, there has also been much focus on ‘the means of inducing immune tolerance, the emergence of T cell suppression in mediating peripheral tolerance, the mechanisms mediating matererno-fetal tolerance and the role played by regulatory T cells in mouse and human pregnancy’ (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2005). Koch and Platt (2003) suggest overlapping mechanisms such as ‘the formation of an anatomical barrier between mother and fetus, lack of maternal immune responsiveness, and a lack of expression of allogenic molecules by the fetus’ to account for the lack of fetal rejection. These mechanisms can help in beginning to understand how rejection is avoided, yet do not ‘completely explain how the fetus evades the maternal immune system’ (Koch Platt 2003). Harding and Bocking (2001, p238) state that it was originally proposed that the maternal-fetal interface was perhaps ‘an immunologically privileged site’, or that there was a ‘generalised suppression of maternal immune response’. Recent studies have challenged earlier theories such as these, and it has since been found that not only is there actual recognition of fetal alloantigens by the mother’s immune system, but that her body also responds to them. Fetal cells can be detected in maternal circulation, and ‘fetal tissue expresses MHC class I and class II and is antigenically mature’ (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). MHC are major histocompatibility complex proteins coded for by genes. Class I are found on virtually all body cells, whereas class II displayed only by cells that act in immune response (Marieb 1998). The understanding of the immune events and mechanisms occurring at the maternal-fetal interface are likely to help in the understanding of the ability of the fetus to survive within the maternal body. Since Medawar’s proposed hypotheses, much focus has continued on fetal immune evasion mechanisms. As well as the three mechanisms above, suggested by Medawar, Koch and Platt (2003) explore a fourth mechanism, site-specific suppression. This refers to ‘local suppression of maternal immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface’ (Koch Platt 2003). ‘Localised suppression at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy negates the need for systemic immunosuppression which could threaten the well-being of the mother’ (Koch Platt 2003). Earlier studies suggested that trophoblast acted simply as a barrier between the mother and fetus, but it now seems that perhaps that it could have ‘diverse immunoregulatory properties controlling immune recognition, activation, and effector functions’ (Koch Platt 2003). It has been proposed by various studies that T cells play a major role in sustaining pregnancy. T cells are lymphocytes that mediate cellular immunity. ‘T cells with regulatory functions are potent suppressors of T cell responses and can protect tissues from T cell mediated destruction’ (Mellor Munn 2004). Observations in experimental pregnant mice have shown that while pregnant, they tend to ‘overproduce a kind of T cell that reins in other immune cells that might target the fetus’ (Seppa 2004). In one study, conducted by immunologist Betz (Seppa 2004) it was found that ‘pregnant mice have double to triple the number of CD4+ CD25+ T cells, also called regulatory T cells, in their blood, spleen, and lymph tissue as do female mice that are not pregnant’. It has also been shown that in humans, levels of circulating CD4+ and CD25+ cells ‘increases progressively at each stage in human pregnancy starting from the first trimester’ (Mello r Munn 2004). It has been ‘demonstrated that Tregs (T regulator cells) have a key role in regulating maternal effector T cell responses to fetal alloantigens’ as maternal effector T cells seem to ‘pose a potentially lethal threat to the developing fetus in the absence of regulatory function mediated by maternal Tregs’ (Mellor Munn 2004). It has also been speculated ‘that hormonal changes during pregnancy might provide one explanation for enhanced maternal Treg development during fetal gestation because pregnancy-associated hormones, such as progesterones, promote immunosuppression’ (Mellor Munn 2004). In regard to the suppression of maternal immunity, it is still ‘unclear if Tregs directly or indirectly inhibit effector T cell responses to fetal alloantigens’ (Mellor Munn 2004). To further test the cells’ effect on pregnancy, 30 female mice were mated with males. 15 out of the 30 mice had fully functioning immune systems, whilst the other 15 mice lacked the regulatory T cells. While a slightly higher than normal number of healthy female mice became pregnant, none of the mice lacking T cells were able to become pregnant. It seems that the role of T cells remains unclear, but that further understanding ‘of the role of regulatory T cells might also lead to new treatments for suppressing rejection of transplanted organs and inhibiting autoimmune reactions, in which a persons immune cells attack his or her own tissues’ (Seppa 2004). Mellor and Munn (2004) also suggest that the revelation that ‘maternal Tregs might help protect the developing fetus’ will have various implications, not only the possibility of offering alternative therapies to suppress immunity, but also possibilities for ‘improving pregnancy success rates in p atients with problematic pregnancies’. Again, the effect of T cells on autoimmune diseases is referred to by Mellor and Munn (2004), ‘increased systemic Treg function might explain why some autoimmune syndromes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, go into remission during pregnancy’. There has also been some discussion on the role of macrophages as immunoregulators of pregnancy. It has been claimed that most attention has focused on immune tolerance to the invading trophoblast and fetus, but Mor and Abrahams (2003) suggest that it is also important to ‘consider the function of the maternal immune system in the promotion of implantation and maintenance of pregnancy’. During implantation, apoptosis is necessary for ‘tissue remodelling of the maternal decidua and invasion of the developing embryo’ (Mor Abrahams 2003). It has been sited that apoptosis is active in the ‘trophoblast layer of placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies throughout gestation, suggesting that there is a constant cell turnover at the site of implantation necessary for the appropriate growth and function of the placenta’ (Mor Abrahams 2003). During implantation and invasion, it appears that a large number of macrophages are present in the maternal decidu a and in tissues close in proximity to the placenta. Originally it was thought the large numbers of macrophages were ‘to represent an immune response against the invading trophoblast’. Mor and Abrahams (2003) propose that this may not be the case, and that ‘macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cells prevents the release of potentially pro-inflammatory and pro-immunogenic intracellular contents’. Trophoblast cells carry proteins that are antigenically foreign to the maternal immune system. If these proteins are released as a result of cell death, it could initiate or accelerate immunological responses, ‘with lethal consequences for the fetus’ (Mor Abrahams 2003). Therefore, the appropriate removal of the intracellular components by macrophages may be critical for the prevention of fetal rejection. Mor and Abrahams (2003) conclude that the ‘field of apoptotic cell clearance is beginning to flourish, and many questions remain unanswered’. There is not just one mechanism involved in the immune regulation of pregnancy, but ‘multiple, diverse mechanisms that are likely sequential during gestation’ (Koch Platt 2003). As humans have a much longer gestation period, and a more invasive placental anatomy, it is sometimes difficult to test in laboratory animals and apply results to humans, as there may be different mechanisms. But it is believed that mechanisms involved with the fetus can be utilised in the studies of rejection following transplantation. As Koch and Platt (2003) suggest, ‘knowledge of the immunoregulatory mechanisms of both the fetus and stem cells will help immunologists understand general mechanisms of tolerance and immune evasion, and will prove invaluable in the fields of organ and cellular transplantation’. It has been suggested that both studies in stem cells and fetal rejection can benefit each other and help in understanding of systems involved. Pregnancy has also been said to have overall effects on the mother’s immune system and maternal defence against organisms. According to Creasy and Resnik (2004, p103) ‘numerous reports indicate that pregnant women have increased susceptibility to a variety of infections’. It is said that ‘there appears to be a trend toward increased susceptibility to viral infections, consistent with suppressed cell-mediated immunity and a relative decrease in Th1 (humoral/innate) responses during pregnancy’ (Creasy Resnik 2004, p103). However, it also added that ‘more recent carefully analysed data do not indicate that maternal immunity is substantially impaired, and most pregnant women are able to adequately respond to most infectious diseases’ (Creasy Resnik 2004, p103). Harding and Bocking (2001, p238) also claim that most studies tend to suggest that ‘maternal cell-mediated immunity is unchanged during pregnancy’. According to some experts, infertility, recurrent miscarriage, premature delivery and preeclampsia may all be linked to immunological abnormalities. It could be that some of these problems are due to ‘defective generation of Tregs during pregnancy’ (Mellor Munn 2004). It is possible that methods involving in vitro expansion of Tregs could help in treating spontaneous immune disease syndromes. Koch and Platt (2003) also suggest that both adult and embryonic stem cells might use mechanisms similar to the fetus in avoiding rejection. ‘Future discoveries in the field of reproductive immunology will help us understand not only immune regulation during pregnancy, but also how immune responses towards organ and cellular transplants might be controlled’ (Koch Platt 2003). References: Aluvihare, V., Kallikourdis, M., and Betz, A. 2004 ‘Tolerance, suppression and the fetal allograft’. Journal of Molecular Medicine. [Online], vol. 83, no. 2, pp 88-96. Available from: Medline. [11 October 2005]. Creasy R. Resnik R. (ed.) 2004. Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 5th edn., Saunders, Philadelphia. Harding, R., Bocking, A., (ed.) 2001. Fetal Growth and Development, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Koch, C. Platt, J. 2003 ‘Natural Mechanisms for evading graft rejection: the fetus as an allograft’, Springer Seminars in Immunopathology, [Online], vol. 25, no. 2, pp 95-117. Available from SpringerLink. [7 October 2005]. Loke, Y., 1978. Immunology and Immunopathology of the Human Fetal-Maternal Interaction, Elsevier Horth-Holland Biomedical Press, New York. Marieb. E., 1998. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th edn., Addison Wesley Longman, California. Mellor, A. Munn, D. 2004 ‘Policing pregnancy: Tregs help keep the peace’, Trends in Immunology. [Online], vol. 25, no.11, pp 563-565. Available from: Medline. [10 October 2005]. Mor, G. Abrahams, V. 2003 ‘Potential role of macrophages as immunoregulators of pregnancy’, Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. [Online], vol. 119, no.1. Available from Medline. [11 October 2005]. Quinn, T. (1999), Immunology in Pregnancy; The Fetal Allograft, [Online], SIU Medical Library. Available from: http://www.siumed.edu/lib/ref/ppt/immunpreg/> [20 September 2005]. Seppa, N. 2004 ‘Some T cells may be a fetus’ best friend’, Science News, [Online], vol. 165, no. 8, p125. Available from: Proquest. [11 October 2005]. Warshaw, J. (ed.) 1983, The Biological Basis of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York.

Human Resources Conflict :: Human Resources Essays

Human Resources Conflict In this section I will be identifying possible areas of conflict between the various human resources functions in Southgate College. The human resources functions are: Selection Recruitment and Training In Southgate College the recruitment process for teaching staff can take a long time there are several reasons for this: 1.Some skills are in very short supply such as electrical instillation, plumbing and construction and also motor vehicle maintenance. This is because these skills earn far more money in the labour market than if people with these skills be paid if they came to work at Southgate College as a teacher. 2.Owners of these skills would be expected like all teachers in further education, to undergo 2 years training part time for the certificate of education, which is a government requirement. But many plumbers and electricians are already well qualified and resent the fact that they have to do another period of training 1 day a week for a job in which they earn far less money than if they stayed as plumbers and electricians without the qualifications. So it will be better for the plumbers and the electricians to carry on doing there own jobs rather than becoming a teacher. This is the reason why these courses are hard to come by. So as this shows the rapid decrease in staffing in these occupations has lowered the amount of teachers to teach these courses. This has now forced many colleges to stop these courses as there is better money for them in their own profession rather than teaching it. The main problem with this is that all the staff have to undergo the 2-year training course for the CoE this is a waste of time and effort for this type of job. They already know how to teach their profession so this leads them not to teach and stay where they are. If Southgate College chooses not to train its workforce it will be faced with additional recruitment costs. This is because when skills are required existing employees will have to be made redundant. The importance of Training and Development at Southgate College is that If they neglect and do not train the staff it you will be caught out in the end either by staff leaving due to low moral; Southgate college may not perform at its peak because staff may not know how to use equipment properly or are not sure what the correct procedure is or your business falls behind because either you or your staff have not been given the opportunity to update their skills or knowledge within the college. Recruitment and Appraisals

Functional Areas

Functional Area Interrelationships: Kudler Fine Foods Charles Burt, Megan Engelking, Lou Gamache, Rebecca Lanham, and Julie Lee University of Phoenix BUS 475 July 24, 2011 Phyllis Koch Functional Area Interrelationships This paper is based on the Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) virtual organization scenario presented in University of Phoenix Business 475 course (Apollo Group, Inc. , 2009). The following topics will be covered about KFF; the main motivation for the KFF existence from analyzing the vision, mission, values, goals, and the basis for the type of managerial structure employed by KFF.We will identify the key positions that support that organizational structure; explaining all steps of the collaboration process among the serviceable sections that must be employed to accomplish organizational aspirations. An action arrangement is to execute the collaboration process, giving an example of the use of lateral and vertical collaboration within KFF will be given. Another topic will be ide ntifying the key stakeholders and their roles needed to achieve the executive goals, and recommend the collaborative interactions among the significant stakeholders to facilitate the organization's accomplishments.Reason for Existence Analyzing the strategic plan of KFF reveals the primary reasons for the organization’s existence, and that key components are established for the future success of the company. The mission statement is one of those key components. The mission statement states that the organization is committed to customer satisfaction by providing the finest of foods coupled with knowledgeable, experienced, and helpful staff (Kudler Fine Foods – Our Mission, 2003, Para. 3).The purpose for a mission plan is to provide guidance for the actions of an organization and to help direct decision-making. The mission plan will further identify organizational goals along with the responsibilities that exist to the customer and other stake-holders. KFF has establishe d a mission statement that identifies strong commitment to company goals and values. Another key component to strategic planning is the vision. A vision statement provides a final objective or goal for the organization.Furthermore, it identifies the future result when objectives found in the mission statement are met. Although little is mentioned in the virtual organization link for customers to see about a specific future vision for the company, one may gather the future expectations highlighted in the mission plan. Visionary thoughts include the expectation for KFF to be â€Å"the purveyor of choice for customers aspiring to purchase the finest epicurean delights† (Kudler Fine Foods – Mission Plan, 2003, Para. 3).However, strategic plan the vision Is stated for internal use that â€Å"Kudler Fine Foods will be the premiere gourmet grocery store for those savvy shoppers who are searching for the finest meats, produce, cheeses, and wine† (Kudler Fine Foods †“ Strategic Plan, 2003, p. 3). The values and goals of KFF contribute to the strategic plan of the organization and identify further reasons for the existence of the organization. The people at KFF understand the high standards that exist in providing quality food. Furthermore, they understand the responsibility to the community and their employees.By taking extra measures, KFF fulfills this responsibility with its Social Responsibility Statement. In an effort to contribute to the local economy, buyers will seek to purchase from local organic farmers when high standards are met. The bakery takes extra steps to ensure healthier baked goods through the use of unbleached flour and seeing that ingredients have no preservatives. Additionally, and certainly noteworthy, KFF rotates food from the shelves and donates food still in â€Å"good† condition to local homeless shelters and food kitchens (Kudler Fine Foods – Strategic Plan, 2003, p. ). These efforts demonstrate the c ommitment to values and the identified social responsibility. KFF reveals many reasons for the organization’s existence through its use of the company’s mission, vision, values, and goals. Organizational Structure A business’ organizational structure is critical to the business and the employees. An organizational structure is â€Å"the manner in which an organization arranges (or rearranges) itself† (Fontaine, 2007, p. 6). At Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) the organizational structure that they operate under is a functional structure.A functional organizational structure is a structure where the position and function of employees are clearly specified. The business is divided into separate departments with specific tasks (Pearce ; Robinson, 2009). KFF has a hierarchy of authority, which defines who is in charge of which fundamentals and who reports to whom. The decision making, ideas, and plans come from the top hierarchy, in this case Kathy Kudler, the preside nt of KFF. KFF has a vertical dimension with several levels of management. Kudler Fine Foods has a total of three stores that make up the framework of the organizational structure.For instance, the president is at top working with the three store managers. Each store has the same structure hierarchy beginning with the store manager. Under the store manager is the assistant store manager and continues to branch out to the four different department managers – produce and foodstuffs; spirits, cheeses, and wine; meats, and seafood; bakery, and pastries. The key positions that hold the structure together is the administration staff consisting of the president, director of administration and human resources, finance, and accounting, and store operations.Many levels of management exist in the structure. Every employee has a defined role, all of which with the common goal of meeting the needs of the consumer. Kudler Fine Foods operates in a centralized manner allowing KFF to have mor e upper management control. With a functional structure every employee’s role is important to the vision and goal of the business. Collaboration Process â€Å"Today's enterprises are striving to create more specialized features through globalization and  collaboration† (Park, 2003, p. 5). Several steps are in the collaboration process.The first step is for all the people in the process to come to an agreement on the collaboration process. The second step is for all the people involved in the process to understand the need of reaching the same goal. The third step in the process is for all people involved to work together and share the responsibilities in making the decisions. The fourth step is to make sure all people have resources, which they intend to share with the others involved. The fifth process is making sure everyone knows that with the shared responsibility, during the collaboration, each person is also responsible for the outcome.The final step in the col laboration process is establishing trust among everyone involved. Trust is a huge factor into how well a team performs. After working out all the details to the steps in the collaboration process, the members must make sure the schedule and guidelines are discussed and followed. Developing guidelines is a way to make sure all people involved are held accountable for the inactions or actions within the group. Kudler Fine Foods has started the collaboration process and the first KFF needs to do is have the purchasing and inventory manager’s start the process.The largest success of Kudler Fine Foods is the customers continuing to shop at the stores. To keep the customers coming back to Kudler Fine Foods, the collaboration team needs to consider the needs and wants of the customers. The inventory manager will assist by advising the team what products are selling and what products are not. The product manager may determine a better position in the store to make sure the non-sellin g items sell or the two individuals may cut back on that particular product to lessen the overhead.Kudler Fine Foods will need to implement an action plan to keep customers coming back, but also to introduce new products to the customers. Kudler Fine Foods has initiated a frequent shopper program, which enables customers to earn rewards with purchases. Rewards are coupons or a certain dollar amount off the entire shopping order once a certain level of purchases is met. KFF must also increase the marketing of the company and the rewards program to make sure the customers aware of the program.The marketing manager can collaborate with the inventory and purchasing managers to discuss how to best implement a successful marketing plan. Setting these processes in motion will give KFF an advantage above the competition Lateral and Vertical Collaboration Lateral collaboration occurs between the equivalent level of employees within the organization, and vertical collaboration would be betwee n employees with a superior and subordinate relationship. An example of vertical collaboration occurred when Kathy Kudler coordinates the selection of sale merchandise with the store managers during the weekly operations meetings.Kathy has oversight of the entire organization and directs the merchandise and sale processes with her subordinate store managers. Good lateral collaboration is illustrated by cooperation between store managers in facilitating resupply of advertised merchandise between stores, to the stores with a higher demand. Kudler Fine Foods has no consistent purchasing procedure. The three department managers at each store independently place orders with suppliers based on the department manager’s subjective assessment of store requirements.Further, the onus is on the department manager â€Å"to obtain the best pricing, quality, and delivery possible† (Apollo Group, 2009, Supply Chain Overview, para. 1). This purchasing structure lacks both vertical and lateral collaboration and relies on the individual department managers to take additional steps to coordinate purchasing with other department managers. No mechanism for department managers to compare or discuss store needs among counterparts and no consistent pricing structure between store locations. A vertical disconnect is evident in that Kathy Kudler also places orders independent from the store managers.An action plan to improve both vertical and lateral collaboration within Kudler Fine Foods involves improvements to the purchasing process. Department managers would be required to have a department manager weekly review meeting where store merchandise needs, trends, and purchase requirements would be compared, discussed, and coordinated laterally into a purchase order plan. This purchase plan would be submitted vertically to a central purchasing agent at the administrative level who would facilitate the negotiation and purchase from suppliers to ensure the best pricing and qua lity.Key Stakeholders Kathy Kudler is the founder of KFF. She is the primary stakeholder, and because the company is a privately owned entity there are no shareholders in the company. The company does have investors who have a stake in the company. The investors or stakeholders are both internal and external and are monitored by the company. The stakeholders include the employees, consumers, suppliers, banks, and Kathy Kudler, and each can have an affect or be affected by the company. When Kathy first decided to create Kudler fine foods, she obtained financing.This is done generally through banks. Banking institutions will extend credit terms to consumers such as Kathy. Kathy can also go to these banks when she is obtaining funding for new stores or launching new products. Banking institutions can also help with extending the line of credit when peek seasons are low and profits might not be as large. The main point of financing comes from banking institutions. The staff of KFF is cr itical to the daily operations of the company. These employees have direct contact with consumers and serve as a primary point of contact for Kathy and consumers.Employees contribute to labor and the expertise to the company. In daily activities these employees are responsible for the growth of the stores, the appearance stores, maintenance in the stores, training new staff, and picking up the slack when other employees are not available. Because Kathy is not available daily to complete these activities it is important for the staff to complete these activities and ensure the success of the company. Consumers are a large part of the company, it is important for the consumers needs to be met, and this is done typically through purchasing goods.Customers rely on employees and Kathy to provide the goods that they are willing to purchase. Customers’ requests need to be met and Kudler has to decide whether the requests of the customer can be met or are feasible for the company to provide. If the products are not available to the consumer the company needs to look into alternate options to solve the problem and to keep the customer. Suppliers can also play an important role in the company. These suppliers are the backbone of the company and provide all the products necessary for the company to be successful.KFF have suppliers for wine, cheese, fresh produce, organic meats, and all bakery items. These come from both local and national suppliers. The local products ensure the highest quality of products and these suppliers need to remain on good financial terms to continue to build a business relationship. Conclusion Kathy Kudler has achieved success by hiring managers who take social responsibility seriously because he or she already has firm intuitions about what constitutes ethical and unethical conduct (Heath, 2006).The success of the company has many factors that contribute. The way that the stakeholders of the company relate and work together are importan t factors in any companies’ success. KFF has achieved the success the company has because of their ability to interact positively with all the stakeholders in the company. The existence of the company is to serve the customers of the community with the highest quality of gourmet foods. Kathy Kudler’s mission, vision, and values have made the company a success and a reality. References Apollo Group, Inc. 2009) Kudler Fine Foods; 2003 Strategic Plan. Retrieved July 24, 2011 from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/intranet/ad/strategicPlan. htm Apollo Group, Inc. (2009) Kudler Fine Foods; Supply Chain Overview. Retrieved July 24, 2011 from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/intranet/op/supplyChainOverview. htm Fontaine, C. W. (2007). Organizational Structure: A Critical Factor for Organizational Effectiveness and Employee Satisfaction. Retrieved from professorfontaine. om/files/Organizational_Structure_Whit e_Paper_v7b. pdf Kudler Fine Foods, About Kudler Fine Foods – Our Mission, 2010, Retrieved from: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/internet/about. htm Kudler Fine Foods, Strategic Plan, 2003, Retrieved from: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/intranet/ad/StrategicPlan2003. pdf Pearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (11th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Investigating Chemical Equilibria essays

Investigating Chemical Equilibria essays The aim of this experiment is to study the effect of concentration changes on equilibria. In some chemical systems the energies of the reactants and the products are of a similar order of magnitude so that the reaction is reversible, that is, it can take place in either direction. If such a system is established in a closed vessel, so that no gases could escape, then a chemical equilibrium is established. The forward and the reversible reaction have the same rate. So, if for example we take the reversible reaction A+B © C+D, then the initially forward reaction occurs rapidly, but as the concentration of the reactants falls, the rate decreases. The reverse reaction initially cannot occur at all, but as the products start to form, its rate increases. Consequently, the rate of the two reactions becomes equal, the concentrations reach constant values and the equilibrium is established. There are conditions, such as the temperature, the pressure and the concentration. According to Le Chatelier ¡s principle,  ¡if a change is made to the conditions of a chemical equilibrium, then the position of a chemical equilibrium will readjust so as to minimise the change made ¡. If the concentration of one species is changed, then the position of the equilibrium will shift to the opposite side. A change in pressure affects only the gaseous molecules. If pressure is increased, then the equilibrium will shift to the side where the most gaseous molecules exist, whereas if pressure is decreased, the equilibrium will shift to the side where the least gaseous molecules exist. Temperature is the only factor that by changing it, the equilibrium constant kc is affected. If temperature is increased, the endothermic reaction is favored, whereas, if temperature is decreased, the exothermic reaction is favored. In this experiment we will investigate, the change in equilibrium that will take place when the concentration is altered. We will d...

Dreams and Nurses Essays

Dreams and Nurses Essays Dreams and Nurses Essay Dreams and Nurses Essay Life has always been about making choices taking chances. The choices we stumble upon sin our lives usually determine who and what we will become in the future. For one, I have always believed that each and every one of us has the capacity to make a difference in the lives of others. I have set my mind in the fact that I will be working in the health care team. For this, I have decided to pursue a career in Nursing.As I child, I have always been interested in being a member of the health care team. I would watch medically related shows, and mock the characters while performing procedures. These little acts made me more determined than ever to succeed in my endeavor. The population of students taking up Nursing is relatively high, but reasons for application are way beyond the financial stability the profession can give me.As mentioned earlier, I have always wanted to be a part of the Health care team. I studied hard, and eventually soared my way to medical sch ool. It was in medical school that I felt the urge to become a Nurse. From the exposures we had in hospitals, I learned to enjoy the interaction nurses had with patients. Doctors, too, have their own physician- patient relationship, but this was only limited. As a nurse, I would be able to monitor the changes in the health of the patient. In this regard, I would be able to practice and apply the basic knowledge that I have acquired while in school.Furthermore, being a nurse would also be an opportunity for me to make a difference. Armed with my knowledge of the profession, I would be able to help improve the lives of people. The care and support that I would give them would also help change the lives of others. I believe that having the capacity to change the lives of others is the best contribution I can give to my patients as a nurse.My main goal in life is to become a Nurse practitioner. The financial stability and pride that the profession would shower me with only comes next to my passion and dedication in helping others. I know that being able to express my thoughts and emotions about my intention to join the Nursing profession is not enough for me to be guaranteed a slot. All I can guarantee is my dedication and love for the profession in helping others and changing lives.

Leadership and Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Leadership and Managment - Essay Example ssion of poverty, school failure and social exclusion by enhancing the life chances for children less than four years of age growing up in disadvantaged neighbourhoods† (House of Commons, 2010:15). In order to achieve this, the institution strives to reach out to the most disadvantaged and or vulnerable families and children, engaging parents of these children and general community in the whole process as well as integrating and making services easily accessible to the community. Thus, the centre’s major goal is to put the vulnerable child and family at the heart of the program, providing them with essential day care and early education services necessary for their direct and easy entry into primary school. The non stop focus on the involvement of the parents and the community at large by the institution can be attributed to the roots in early childhood education and day care. Management Structure/Skills Centro Sure Start Children’s Centre operates under what can be described as an autocratic form of leadership where employees are to follow strict procedures, guidelines and policies. This form of leadership can largely be attributed to the government ownership or rather fund that the centre gets. The major issue with this leadership style is that decisions are made from the top with little or no consultation from the bottom of the leadership hierarchy. However, this little or no consultation makes such decision making processes rapid. In addition, it can result in some employees feeling devalued due to their inability to contribute their ideas. However, effective leaders can employ some of this style’s features in a sensible way, for instance in cases where the manager is the most qualified. Perhaps, one can term the leadership style used as heroic where the... This paper approves that leaders at Centro Sure Start Children’s Centre are capable of building relationships with their team members, the community as well as with other agencies playing a role in its activities. In addition, the delegation of duties to junior members of teams is seen as an important tool of empowering the staff and instigating a shared decision making model in the institution. Managers organize, plan, control and co-ordinate while leaders direct, inspire, advocate for and build teamwork, gain acceptance while at the same time setting an example to the junior staff. This essay makes a conclusion that different researches exist regarding educational leadership with almost all putting emphasis or rather focusing on the beliefs, values, skills and knowledge that many view to be the ideal for a good leader or leadership, rather than focus on actual practices of leadership. According to Leithwood, Day, Sammons, Harris and Hopkins, the existing literature spills out less regarding the specific requirements for successful leadership and more about effective practices of leadership. The overlaps between the different leadership forms like collaborative, shared, participative and democratic has resulted in the use of the term distributed leadership to refer to a form of leadership practice in Sure Start Centres that is devolved, dispersed or shared. However, it should be understood that distributed leadership does not mean everyone leads; rather, it means the practice is distributed beyond the manager.

Development of Urban Civilization and Form Essay

Development of Urban Civilization and Form - Essay Example As a type of community, the city may be regarded as a relatively stable awareness of population, together with its "varied environments, social arrangements, and supporting activities, occupying a more or less discrete site, and having a cultural importance that differentiates it from other types of human settlement and association. In its elementary functions and rudimentary characteristics, however, a city is not clearly distinguishable from a town or even a large village." (Britannica, 2006) It was no accident that the earliest of man's fixed settlements originated in the rich "subtropical valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus, and the Yellow Rivers or in such well-watered islands as Crete." Such regions gave encouraging ecological issues making town living comparatively simple. Pre-urban growths that covered the means for urban life also comprised such features as "traditionalism, a power structure, and a form of economic as well as social organization." Traditionalism put in the reception and broadcast of what had worked in the existence of the crowd and was consequently "right" and to be kept. New value directions and beliefs may also have influenced the route of urbanization, although their significance is still extremely speculative. Before 1800, improvements in agricultural and manufacturing methods had allowed a remarkable attentiveness of creative activity close to the sources of mechanical power-water and coal. A subsequent association of population was hastened by the excellence of the steam engine and the dominance of the factory over pre-industrial business association. Under provisions of "belt-and-pulley" authority broadcast, urban application was a means of: (1) Reducing the costs of conquering resistances in transportation and communications and (2) Maximizing interior monetary systems of extent and outside economies. A strange convergence of profitable, geographic, and technical issues in Britain guided to far-reaching transforms in such planned movements as textiles, transport, and iron, even though the educational and social requirements for industrialization were not exclusively present in any one nation,. Britain became "the workshop of the world" and London its "head office." (Britannica, 2006) Urban Planning Urban planning and redevelopment is planned at satisfying communal and financial purposes that go further than the corporal shape and arrangement of buildings, streets, parks, utilities, and other parts of the urban environment. Urban planning takes effect principally during the procedures of administration and needs the relevance of specialized methods of "survey, analysis, forecasting, and design." It may hence be expressed as a public society, as a legislative utility, or as a scientific career. Each feature has its own thoughts, narration, and theories. Together they blend into the attempt of contemporary civilization to figure and progress the surroundings within which growing amounts of civilization squander their lives: the city. For several centuries throughout the middle ages, there was small structure of cities in Europe. There is contradictory estimation on the superiority of the towns that grew up as "centres of church or feudal authority, of marketing or